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English Braille, also known as ''Grade-2 Braille'',〔"English Braille" normally refers to Grade 2. The more basic Grade-1 Braille, which is only used by new learners, is specified as "English Braille, Grade 1" (Braille Through Remote Learning).〕 is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of 250 or so letters (phonograms), numerals, punctuation marks, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations (logograms). Some English Braille letters, such as ,〔 will be used to indicate transcriptions of braille letters into the Latin alphabet.〕 correspond to more than one letter in print. There are three levels of complexity in English Braille. Grade 1 is a (nearly) one-to-one transcription of printed English, and is restricted to basic literacy. Grade 2, which is nearly universal in print beyond basic literacy materials, abandons one-to-one transcription in many places (such as the letter ) and adds hundreds of abbreviations and contractions. Both grades have been standardized. "Grade 3" is not a single system, but any of various personal shorthands. It is almost never found in publications. Most of this article describes the 1994 American edition of Grade-2 Braille, which is largely equivalent to British Grade-2 Braille.〔compare American (BANA) (here ) with British (BAUK) (here ).〕 Some of the differences with Unified English Braille, which was officially adopted by various countries between 2005 and 2012, are discussed at the end. Braille was originally intended, and is frequently portrayed, as a re-encoding of the English orthography that is used by sighted people. However, for the blind, braille is an independent writing system, not a variant of the printed English alphabet.〔Daniels & Bright, 1996, ''The World's Writing Systems'', p 817–818〕 ==History== Braille was introduced to Britain in 1861. In 1876, a French-based system with a few hundred English contractions and abbreviations was adopted as the predominant script in Great Britain. However, the contractions and abbreviations proved unsatisfactory, and in 1902 the current grade-2 system, called Revised Braille, was adopted in the British Commonwealth.〔(War of the Dots )〕 In 1878, the ideal of basing all braille alphabets of the world on the original French alphabetic order was accepted by Britain, Germany, and Egypt (see International Braille). In the United States at the time, three scripts were used: non-braille New York Point; American Braille, which was reordered so that the most frequent letters were the ones with the fewest dots; and a variation of English Braille, which was reordered to match the English alphabet, assigning the values ''wxyz'' to the letters that, in France and England, stood for ''xyzç''. A partially contracted English Braille, Grade 1½,〔using only the single-cell contractions〕 was adopted in Britain in 1918, and fully contracted Grade 2, with a few minor concessions to the Americans, was adopted in 1932.〔Mackenzie, 1953, (''World Braille Usage'' ), 〕 The concessions were to swap the British two-dot capital sign with the one-dot emphasis sign, which had generally been omitted anyway (as capitals had been in New York Point), to drop a few religious contractions from general usage, and to introduce a rule stating that contractions and abbreviations should not span 'major' syllable boundaries.〔 In 1991, an American proposal was made for Unified English Braille, intended to eliminate the confusion caused by competing standards for academic uses of English Braille.〔()〕〔()〕 After several design revisions, it has since been adopted by the Commonwealth countries starting in 2005, and by the United States (starting a gradual introduction after 2012). The chief differences with Revised Braille are in punctuation, symbols, and formatting, more accurately reflecting print conventions in matters such as brackets, mathematical notation, and typefaces. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「English Braille」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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